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Modern semiconductor technology is used in the production of silicon charged particle detectors. This has resulted in improved performance of simple single element detectors and has led to the development of complex multi-element detectors with ultra-thin windows, position sensitivity, and other advanced features.

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Reductions of 10 to 100 have been realized in the size, weight, and power of space flight electronics while improving reliability and reducing fabrication costs by using custom and semi-custom VLSI microelectronics and sealed (5000 Å of Si₃N₄) chip-on-board (COB) assembly. Both the mixed mode microcircuits and COB process have recently been approved by NASA for the ISTP/GGS satellite program. Mixed-mode analog/digital integrated circuits have flown on the TIROS-I spacecraft (MAXIE instrument), and will be flown on the NASA/ISTP POLAR spacecraft (SEPS, PIXIE, and CEPPAD/IPS instruments) and the P91-1 ARGOS spacecraft (SPADUS instrument). The analog portion of a single array microcircuit contains about 80 operational amplifiers which may be used as low noise amplifiers, filters, A/D and D/A converters, sample/hold circuits, or voltage references. About 55% of the array is available for digital circuit functions. The base array for these devices is designed for radiation hardness and the CMOS process allows for low power, typically 20 mW per chip. Three microcircuits using this array were developed for the IMAGE/HENA and SEPS instruments: 1) a 16-channel low noise front-end amplifier chip with D/A converters and coincidence logic; 2) a flash pulse height analyzer chip with eight 16-bit scalers with overflow; and 3) a general purpose input/output chip with A/D and D/A converters, parallel and serial ports, clock oscillator, counter-timer, interrupt controller, decoder, and other functions.

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Topics to be discussed include:

• Indiana Microelectronics Center's role in assisting industry

• How Indiana Microelectronics Center provides microelectronic support

• Examples of ASIC, FPGA and Microprocessor Projects

Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs) are used in a variety of fields to analyze surface finishes and coatings. In addition to producing three-dimensional images of surfaces, SPM measurements can determine surface roughness, small-scale friction domains, magnetic and electrical domains, surface stiffness and adhesion, and other material differences. These measurements are relevant to a variety of industries including aerospace. In the field of space science, examples have included the measurement of surface roughness on optical materials for orbiting X-ray telescopes and examination of coating defects on spacesuit visor materials.

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Rhenium is a unique rare metal with excellent strength and ductility from 0 K to 2,800 K. Its melting point is second only to tungsten among the metals. Its density is 21.04 g/cm³, one of the heaviest metals available. Rhenium's oxidation resistance is poor and for use in oxidizing atmospheres above 200 ^oC rhenium must be coated, usually with one of the platinum metals.

Tungsten and molybdenum alloys with rhenium additions close to the saturation limit are less expensive materials with good strength and ductility over a wide range of temperatures.

Rhenium can be cold-formed into common metal shapes such as plate and sheet, rod and wire and tubing. Rhenium cannot be shaped suing conventional machining but EDM, diamond grinding and welding are common production methods for making finished components.

Mo-44.5 - 47.5%Re alloys and W-25%Re can be hot-formed, warm-formed and cold-formed into standard metal shapes. They can be shaped using convention machining, although EDM often is the preferred method, especially for W-25%Re.

Common space-related applications for rhenium and rhenium-containing alloys are:

Missile propulsion systems

Missile guidance systems

Thrusters (25 - 500 N) for launching and positioning of satellites

Solar energy systems

Nuclear energy generators

High temperature operating superalloy (3 = 6% Re) jet engine turbine blades

Pictures of rhenium compounds and production equipment will also be shown.

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The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program will provide a small company up to $850,000 for the purpose of developing new commercial products or services. Ten federal agencies participate in and provide the funding for this program, one of which is NASA, a major player among the ten. Faculty participation is permitted with the small company in this program; in fact it is encouraged where appropriate. A companion program to SBIR, Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR), requires a research institution partner (a university, among others) for the small business. The partner must perform at least 30% of the work on a successful grant, while the company must provide at least 40% of the effort. This is an excellent way to build public/private partnerships and leverage economic growth.

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The Indiana Business Modernization and Technology Corporation is a priority economic development initiative established by the Indiana General Assembly. The corporation is governed by the Board of Directors appointed by the Governor. BMT's mission is to build a business assistance delivery system that will serve the state's small and medium sized companies through this decade and beyond. The goals are business expansion, job creation-retention, and small business growth.

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Indiana Business Modernization and Technology Corporation, known as BMT, has created and delivered an array of business and technology related services since 1982. BMT manages two advanced technology programs which enable direct access to NASA and Air Force laboratory resources. These programs are known as the Great Lakes Industrial Technology Center (GLITeC) and Wright Technology Network (WTN) respectively. BMT's close relationship with these entities makes advanced technology access an efficient and value added alternative for companies who needs cannot be adequately addressed through typical private/public sector resources.

To learn more about BMT or the above mentioned programs a website is available: www.bmtadvantage.org

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An overview of Failure Analysis (FA) and Destructive Physical Analysis (DPA) of electronic components will be presented. Accurate identification of failure mechanisms is a prerequisite to determining root cause and implementing appropriate corrective action. Evaluation of component design and construction can lay the foundation for a reliable system. ITT’s Product Assurance Lab has been providing these services for 13 years to ITT Aerospace/Communication Division’s military and space programs, as well as to several outside customers. Recent examples include NASA/GOES Scan Motor Development work involving both failure analysis and evaluation of new designs, and research support provided to a Johns Hopkins University plastic encapsulated microcircuit (PEM) study. The lab’s capabilities will be reviewed with particular attention given to use of a C-Mode Scanning Acoustic Microscope (C-SAM) in support of the effort to use commercial off the shelf (COTS) components and PEMs in military and space products. This capability is used in the selection of suppliers, during incoming inspection, and in the course of failure analysis of these devices.

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For nearly six years we at CSL Inc. have been identifying and understanding ionic and organic residues from the surfaces of the microelectronic hardware (i.e. wafer processing, chips, flip chips MCMs) as well the surfaces from the entire assembly. Our work has focused on understanding and identifying "How Clean is Clean on Electronic Hardware" and determining the source and level of ionic contamination that caused the corrosion cell creating the electrical short or fire (as well as, What to do to eliminate or reduce the contaminant on existing non-corroded and future product. We have developed the analytical extraction techniques to remove the ionic residues from the surface of a product and evaluate those liquid extractions using Ion Chromatography for anion's, cation's and many organic's. This allows us to identify and quantify the different residues from the surface and subsurface of the assembly. Once we understand the type and level we compare this information to good and bad hardware performance, as well as, high temperature and humidity accelerated aging tests under bias called Surface Insulation Resistance (SIR) Testing. SIR will measure the electrical resistance between anode and cathode on any board or test coupon at a variety of temperatures and humidity (i.e. 85 C/ 85% RH).

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Formed in 1992 to develop, produce and market a specialized Data Acquisition system called the RoadRunner, the company has grown into an engineering support company with 35 employees. The company serves some 20 customer companies in electronic development and prototyping, small quantity hardware builds, software development, testing of software and software / hardware systems, and real-time applications using Windows and Unix (QNX) operating systems. Examples of multi- level printed circuit boards and related systems will be available for viewing and discussion.

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Recently, there has been a serious effort to design aircraft that are as small as possible for special, limited-duration missions. Some of the missions for micro-air vehicles include urban warfare, hostage rescue and border surveillance. These vehicles might carry visual, acoustic, chemical or biological sensors. These aircraft, called micro-air vehicles, are of interest because electronic detection and surveillance sensor equipment can now be miniaturized so that the entire payload weighs about one ounce. The long term goal of this project is to develop aircraft systems that weigh less than one ounce, have about a three inch wing span and can fly for 20 to 60 minutes at between 25 and 35 mph. One of the areas of interest is the aerodynamic efficiency of various fixed wing, flapping wing, or rotary wing concepts since these vehicles are very small and must fly at very low speeds. The corresponding chord Reynolds numbers often are below about 65,000. There is an obvious need for quantitative aerodynamic studies to produce efficient micro-air vehicles. Experiments to determine the aerodynamic performance of various airfoil/wing shapes at chord Reynolds numbers below about 65,000 have begun at the University of Notre Dame. The current presentation describes results obtained for an EPPLER 61 wing with a semi-span aspect ratio of 2.45 at chord Reynolds numbers between 12,000 and 63,000.

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An introduction is given to the problems associated with the solution of towed aircraft equilibrium conditions and dynamic behavior. Current research efforts are focusing on ways to predict towplane, glider, and cable trim positions as well as the stability of aircraft-cable combinations at these trim conditions. The idea of towed launch vehicles provides motivation for the investigation of these issues. The Eclipse Tow Launch Demonstration Project at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center presents the opportunity to validate the research results.

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In 1997 NASA's Johnson Space Center and the Texas Space Grant Consortium began a program providing undergraduate students with the opportunity to design, build, test and fly an experiment onboard NASA's KC-135 Reduced Gravity Aircraft. A review of the 1997 program and current undertakings and plans for the 1998 team, both partially funded through the ISGC, will be presented.

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CAP, a branch of the U. S. Air Force, represents approximately 800 volunteers in the state of Indiana and over 57,000 nation wide. We locate missing aircraft by picking up Electronic Location Transmitter (ELT) frequencies via satellite, specially equipped aircraft, and hand held instrumentation. We also offer assistance to local authorities by flying counter drug missions, and providing 2m/70cm communications, search and recovery, and emergency services relief during natural disasters. CAP also provides opportunities and materials for aerospace education to professional educators through annual events like the Regional Conference on Aerospace Education and the National Congress on Aviation and Space Education. We could be the practical application to some of tomorrow's technology.

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We have been studying the evolution of stars from red giants to so-called planetary nebulae to white dwarfs. While this is the expected path for most stars in our galaxy, until recently only a few stars were known in the transitional stage. Using data from the infrared satellite IRAS, combined with ground-based observations, we have identified about 50 stars in this stage. We are presently observing these stars at a variety of wavelengths to determine their properties, including their chemistry and the process by which they lose their outer atmospheres. Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope and the Infrared Space Observatory have aided in this.

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An analysis has been made of the chemical abundance of two post-red giant stars based on high resolution (R=55,000) optical spectra. The abundance analysis shows that the stars are low in metal abundance when compared with the sun, but are high in the abundance of carbon and s-process elements. This is consistent with the theoretical models for advanced nucleosynthesis in the interiors of red giant stars, and then the mixing of the enriched material to the outer layers in these mass-losing stars.

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Dwarf novae are interacting binary systems which experience quasi-periodic outbursts. These eruptions are believed to be due to changes that occur in the accretion disk of the primary star. Due to the quasi-periodic nature of these systems, it is difficult to predict when outbursts will occur. Observations from Flagstaff, AZ last fall however, provided data for AR Andromeda from quiescence to eruption. Within this data there was evidence of pre-outburst behavior. Future photometric reduction of these observations will aid our understanding of these systems and indicate changes that may occur in the accretion disk several hours before outburst. These results will be compared to a theoretical model.

We present new photometric data obtained from CCD photometric observations of eclipses of the cataclysmic variable star system known as IP Peg. Systems of this type contain two stars, in proximity, revolving around each other such that there is a transfer of mass from one star to the other. Variations in the light observed from this system arise due to the sequence of eclipses of an accretion disk, the primary star, and a hot spot on the accretion disk. The sequence repeats every 3.8 hours allowing the measurement of multiple eclipses in one night. Data was obtained using the 31 inch NURO telescope with a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD (512x512 pixels) camera attached. By plotting the observed brightness of the system versus time, a light curve is obtained that enables the refinement of the location of the components of the system and various other parameters.

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State-of-the-art space instrumentation and theoretical studies have helped to understand the energetic particles in the earth’s space environment. Scientific results will be discussed from the SEEP satellite, the CRRES satellite, and the Polar satellite.

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The prolonged periods of weightlessness required for space flight induces a musculoskeletal atrophy that can only be partially counterbalanced when exercise is performed during the flight. The cellular mechanisms responsible for this deconditioning response are still unclear but may be due a loss of hormonal stimulation. Hindlimb suspension is a simulator of weightlessness that unloads the muscle, and has been shown to alter SR Ca+2 ATPase pump activity within soleus muscle. Prior research from this laboratory has demonstrated that Insulin-Like growth factor activity is dependent on the presence of cytoplasmic calcium. This study was designed to examine the relationship between muscle unloading, IGF I responsiveness, and ccytoplasmic calcium levels. Young (200 gm) female rats will be exposed to 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HU), after which muscles strips will be prepared from the soleus muscle. The muscle strips will be clamped at resting length in specifically designed Plexiglas clamps and removed from the animal. After removal, the muscles will be placed in sealed glass vials containing 2 mls of Krebs-Henseleit's buffer (KHB) and incubated in a gassed environment (95% O2-5% CO2) in the presence (75 ng/ml) or absence (0ng/ml) of IGF I to determine its ability to influence Ca2+ ATPase pump activity of the muscle. The contralateral muscles of these animals will undergo the same treatment but will be used to measure 3 O-Methyl Glucose (3-OMG) transport into the isolated muscle.

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The Challenger Learning Centers use space exploration as a theme to create a positive learning experience that raises student expectations of success; fosters in them a long-term interest in math, science, and technology, and motivates them to pursue studies in these areas.

The Challenger Center for Space Science Education is the educational continuation of the mission of the 51-L crew. It was founded by the families of the Challenger shuttle crew as a non-profit education organization. There are currently 30 Challenger Learning Centers in the United States and Canada.

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The Indiana Space Grant Consortium has funded several astronomy education programs at Ball State University. Every summer the Department of Physics & Astronomy offers workshops on various topics for teachers. These have included astronomy-related topics such as Observational Astronomy and Planetarium Operations. Space Grant funds have been used to purchase supplies and take-home items for these teachers. During the academic year there has been additional public planetarium programs and open house programs at the observatory. Finally, our students have benefited through travel funds to observatories in Arizona to conduct their research.

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The NASA Academy is a ten week summer program that exposes selected students to the primary players in NASA's operation - academia, government, and industry. This unique summer institute of higher learning is preparing future leaders of the U.S. air and space program. We will present how the NASA Academy program is meeting its objectives which include a progressive learning environment, group interaction, and advocation of educational outreach.

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"Imagination is greater than knowledge"...Albert Einstein said it and we believe it! There is a wealth of knowledge in the areas of space, science, engineering and technology in Greater Lafayette, Indiana. This was the spark that started a group of dedicated volunteers on the venture of a hands-on museum for children and their families focusing of what the area has to offer. It started in 1992 and progressed, sometimes painfully, into the facility we have today.

The Imagination Station has been open for just over a year. In that first year we had 8,100 visitors. In the last 4 months we have had more than 2,000 people, of which many are repeat visitors. The numbers are growing, the "word is out", imagination is on a rampage.

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ITT A/CD has designed, built, and tested radiometers for the NOAA weather satellites since 1976. The Imagers are nominally 5 channels with broad band filters centered in the visible, near IR, and mid IR. They provide day/night imaging of land, water and clouds, sea surface temperature, ice concentration and coverage, coastal and lake temperature gradients, and storm watch. The Sounders are nominally 19 channels with narrow band filters; 7 spanning the 15 mm CO₂ band, 3 spanning the 7.5 mm H₂O band, 1 for the 9.7 mm O₃ band, 6 spanning the 4.3 mm CO₂ band and 1 for visible wavelengths. They provide information on the vertical temperature and humidity structure, cloud top temperature and pressure, and winds. Data from both sensors is obtained twice daily from LEO sensors and every 30 minutes from GEO sensors. A discussion of the technologies necessary to develop and improve these instruments will also be given.

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We present an overview of the GHIS instrument as an example of the next generation of atmospheric sounding instruments which will be used for weather data collection. The basic operating principles and design of the GHIS Fourier Transform Spectroradiometer (FTS) and its predicted performance will be described. The use of FTS class instruments will provide significant improvements in spectral resolution compared to the current generation of filter wheel based instruments. This improved resolution will translate into a finer-scale view of the atmospheres, leading to improved weather prediction models.

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Taylor University is designing the solid state detectors and solid state detector electronics for the High Energy Neutral Atom Imager on the IMAGE Satellite. The IMAGE satellite’s mission is to help scientists understand the physics of the magnetosphere. The imager will see the ring current region of the magnetosphere with a resolution and precision never seen before. The SSD increases the resolution of the HENA instrument and adds the capability of recording the masses, energies (10 – 500 keV) and positions of neutrals that imager detects.

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We present new high angular resolution (± 1.5°) energetic particle images of the source and loss cone in six two-dimensional cameras, each using 128 detectors (pixels). The loss cone is produced in the earth's radiation belt because energetic charged particles collide with the atmosphere when their velocity vector is quasi-parallel to the magnetic field vector. The SEPS instrument images provide the first measurements of the distribution function of particles at high altitudes. By mapping the loss and source cone in detail a better understanding is obtained of diffusion mechanisms, wave particle interactions, and direct precipitation when compared with data from the other POLAR instruments.

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This paper provides an overview of the embodiment of a spherical, split-equator robotic wrist which has approximately double the dexterity and range of motion of current wrist mechanisms. The joint consists of a symmetrically actuated redundant spherical linkage. The presentation will overview the two most recent hardware developments. Working models will also be presented.